Which of the following are methods of control used in IPM?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach to controlling pest populations while minimizing the risks to human health and the environment. The correct answer encompasses two distinct sets of methods: biological, chemical, and cultural controls, along with genetic, mechanical, and physical controls.

Biological control involves using natural predators or parasites to manage pest populations. Chemical control employs pesticides but does so judiciously as part of a broader strategy. Cultural control modifies agricultural practices to reduce pest establishment, reproduction, and survival. Genetic control focuses on breeding plants for resistance to pests, while mechanical and physical controls refer to methods such as barriers, traps, or physical removal of pests.

Including both sets of methods under one answer highlights the multifaceted approach of IPM, showcasing its flexibility in applying various techniques depending on the situation and pest involved. This integration of diverse control strategies is crucial for reducing reliance on any single method, thereby promoting more sustainable pest management.

The other answer choices may not adequately encompass the full range of strategies or may emphasize only specific aspects of pest management without providing a comprehensive view, which is why option D is the most complete representation of methods used in IPM.