Which of the following are methods of control used in IPM?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) employs a variety of methods to control pest populations while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. The inclusion of biological, chemical, and cultural methods highlights the comprehensive approach found in IPM strategies.

Biological control involves using natural enemies of pests, such as predators or pathogens, to keep pest populations in check. Chemical control refers to the application of pesticides, which are crucial in managing significant infestations and are used in tandem with other methods to enhance effectiveness. Cultural methods involve altering practices to disrupt pest development, which can include crop rotation, sanitation, and habitat management.

The second choice, which includes genetic, mechanical, and physical methods, also serves as a valid component of IPM. Genetic methods might involve utilizing pest-resistant plant varieties or breeding practices to reduce pest impact. Mechanical control includes physical eradication methods, such as traps or barriers, whereas physical methods can involve altering environmental conditions to deter pests.

Recognizing that both options represent critical aspects of IPM methodologies reinforces why the correct answer incorporates both sets of methods, delivering a robust multi-faceted approach to pest management.